 | submitted by UTHT2018 to Autobody [link] [comments] |
submitted by nick2938 to cars [link] [comments]
 | submitted by mostafa23434 to u/mostafa23434 [link] [comments] الربح من الانترنت او العمل اونلاين اصبح شيى سهلا جدا ، حيث يمكنك تحقيق مبالغ كبيره جدا من خلال عملك على الانترنت ، ولان سوف اعرض واشرح لكم ، افضل 22 طريقة للربح من الانترنت ويمكنك ربح من احدا هذهى الطرق ربح اكثر من1000دولار شهريا ، هل تصدق؟ حتا اذ كنت مبتدا ولا تعرف اى شيى عن هذا المجال ولاكن دعنى اخبرك ، انه حقا يمكنك ربح اكثر من ذالك باولافات المرات ولاكن ما هى الطريقة الذى سوف احقق ، بها هذهى المبالغ جميع الطرق يمكنك تحقيق منها مبالغ كبيرة جدا ، ولاكن هل احتاج حاسوب او كمبيوتر للعمل على هذهى ، الطرق؟ دعنى اخبرك لا لا ثما لا يمكنك العمل من خلال هتافك ، المحمول فقط ولاكن عليك ان تقراء المقالة كلها حتا تفهم ما هيا هذهى الطريقة ، او الطرق وحتا اذا كنت مبتدا لا تعرف اى شيى عن مجال الربح من الانترنت يمكنك العمل الان وربح مبالغ كبيرة جدا. افضل 22 طريقة لربح من الانترنت1-الربح من المدوناتيعد إنشاء مدونة واحدة من أفضل الطرق لضمان دخل ثابت لك. إذا قمت بإنشاء مدونة جيدة ، يمكنك جمع الذهب من الإنترنت. جميع المدونين على الإنترنت يكسبون المال من خلال الكتابة. من خلال المدونات ، يحقق الذهب لنا ، تكمن الفكرة دائمًا في اختيار المجال الجيد الذي يمكنك من خلاله تحقيق النجاح ووضع خطة جيدة في كتابة المحتوى.ستحتاج إلى الكثير من الجهد في البداية ، ولكن معدل الدخل الذي يمكنك تحقيقه قد يتجاوز ما تعتقد ، إذا قمت بذلك بشكل صحيح. ملاحظة مهمة: سيكون إنشاء مدونة WordPress أفضل من استخدام بلوجر 2- الربح من الفوركسالربح من الفوركسبالتأكيد لقد رأيت العديد من مشاركات المدونات السابقة عبر الإنترنت في عام 2020 وقبل عام 2020 والتي تتحدث عن الربح من تداول العملات الأجنبية وتداول العملات ، فهي الطريقة الأكثر شهرة. تداول العملات الأجنبية والعملات هي واحدة من أفضل الطرق لتحقيق الربح من الإنترنت. المنصة التي نريد أن نقدمها اليوم هي ExpertOption. تختلف هذه المنصة عن بقية منصات التداول في فوركس على الإنترنت ، والتي يمكنك من خلالها التسجيل وإيداع مبلغ صغير لبدء التداول. تختلف هذه المنصة عن بقية منصات التداول في الفوركس على الإنترنت ، والتي يمكنك من خلالها التسجيل وإيداع مبلغ صغير لبدء التداول. ما يميز هذه المنصة هو أنها تعمل على المدى القصير ، وفي غضون ثوان يمكنك مضاعفة أموالك. تداول الفوركس والعملات المشفرة هو الآن أحد أفضل الطرق لتحقيق الربح من الإنترنت. يمكنك تحقيق أرباح جيدة في سوق العملات وبسرعة باستخدام استراتيجية الربح على المدى القصير. تساعدك هذه العملية على تحقيق أرباح صغيرة على المدى القصير ، والتي قد تصل إلى دقيقة أو دقيقتين لقد أودعت خمسين دولارًا في محفظتي باستخدام تطبيق ExpertOption لأنه سهل الاستخدام وهذا يساعدني كثيرًا في هذه العملية. لقد ربحت 25 دولارًا في أقل من ساعة باستخدام منصة ExpertOption. إليك ما فعلته:
مميزات منصة ExpertOption؟يوفر لك ExpertOption أداة تحليلية رائعة للعملات التي تخبرك بالمكان الذي ستذهب إليه خلال الدقائق أو الخمس دقائق القادمة.إذا رأيت المؤشر يشير لأعلى ، يمكنك الدخول للشراء ، وإذا رأيت المؤشر ينخفض يمكنك الدخول للبيع ستجده في القائمة باسم الاتجاهات! إذا كان لون الأسهم الثلاثة أخضر ، فهذا مؤشر قوي على صعود السوق خلال الدقائق الخمس القادمة. في حالة العثور على لون الأسهم الثلاثة باللون الأحمر ، فهذا مؤشر قوي على انخفاض السوق خلال الدقائق الخمس القادمة. تعني الإشارة الرمادية أن الاتجاه عرضي وغير معروف ولا يدخل السوق حتى يتم تحديد الاتجاه. في حالة دخول البائع إلى السوق ، على سبيل المثال ، وتغيير الاتجاهات بعد الدخول ، يمكنك إغلاق الصفقة وتحقيق ربح قليل أو خسارة قليلة. هل من الممكن تحقيق ملايين من تداول العملات؟ كل يوم هناك مليونيرات جدد من استثمارات التداول في سوق التشفير والعملات الأجنبية. من خلال تطبيق Expert Option الذي يسمح لك بإنشاء حساب تجريبي مجاني ، يمكنك البدء في التداول مجانًا والتعرف على المزايا. يساعدك Expert Option أيضًا على بدء التداول حقًا في السوق. يمكنك تداول 50 دولارًا أو 100 دولار في التداول بسرعة ، ولكن كن حذرًا ، لأنك قد تخسر أيضًا. لتجنب ذلك ، يجب عليك دائمًا اتباع التوجيهات التي يوفرها Expert Option. ألعب في المدى القصير والسريع شخصيا. أفتح صفقات صغيرة لا تتجاوز دولارًا أو اثنين ، ولكن لمدة تصل إلى 50 ثانية فقط! تتيح لك عمليات الربح على المدى القصير أيضًا تحقيق أرباح جيدة ، ولكن يجب عليك اتخاذ قرارات حاسمة وسريعة ، ويجب عليك أيضًا المتابعة. 3-الربح من.............. اضغط هنا للقراءة المزيد |
 | إلغاء الرقم المميز submitted by khaled131231 to u/khaled131231 [link] [comments] #إلغاء_الرقم_المميز #الرقم_المميز #رقم_الزكاة_والدخل شرح إيقاف الرقم المميز “شطب الرقم المميز” من أجل شرح إيقاف الرقم المميز يجب العلم أنه بعد عملية شطب كل سجلات المنشأة التجارية إلى جانب الرخص والتيقن من عدم تواجد أي عمالة لازالت مسجلة تحت اسم المنشأة. فيقوم المسؤول عن المنشأة بإنهاء أي التزام مع الهيئة، ثم تم ايقاف الرقم المميز “شطب الرقم المميز” حتى لا يتم احتساب عليه إي إقرار زكوي أو ضريبي في المستقبل إذا لم يقم المكلف بإلغاء الرقم المميز في مدة أقصاها 60 يوم من وقت توقف النشاط. وإلا سوف تحتسب السنة الزكوية كاملة، ومن أجل إلغاء الرقم المميز للزكاة والدخل يمكنك القيام بما يلي: سجل دخولك على الهيئة العامة للزكاة والدخل. انقر على عبارة تحديث أو إيقاف التسجيل. قم بالضغط على أيقونة إيقاف الرقم المميز. قم بتحديد السبب وراء إيقاف التسجيل من بين الخيارات المعروضة أمامك، سواء الإفلاس أو الإستحواذ أو الاندماج أو التصفية أو تحول الشركة إلى مؤسسة. أطلع على الذي يظهر أمامك ووافق عليه. حدد التراخيص والفروع التي سوف تغلق. إرفق المستندات والتراخيص مثل شهادة الشطب الصادرة من وزارة التجارة وأي مستندات ثانية. اكتب المعلومات الشخصية ثانيًة من أجل التأكيد، وذلك في الأماكن المخصصة لها. يجب العلم أنه لا يمكن أن يتم إيقاف هذا الرقم المميز إلا بعد التأكيد على إلغاء تسجيل المنشأة في ضريبة القيمة الانتقائية أو المضافة. الآن قم بالتأكد من كون البيانات التي أدخلتها صحيحة، ثم انقر على كلمة تقديم. سوف تستغرق عملية التحقق ثم الإلغاء مدة أقصاها 5 أيام عمل. الاستعلام عن مستحقات الزكاة والدخل برقم المميز الفاتورة الخاصة بمستحقات الزكاة والدخل هي فاتورة تفرض من الهيئة العامة للزكاة والدخل على أي مؤسسة، والتي يمكنك أن تستعلم عنها عن طريق ما يلي: سجل الدخول على البوابة لهيئة الزكاة والدخل الإلكترونية. بعد أن تدخل على الموقع، قم بالنقر على أيقونة الخدمات الإلكترونية. انقر على تبويب خدمة الاستعلام عن المبلغ المستحق. اختر أيقونة تقديم الإقرار. حدد نوعية الإقرار المراد دفعه. استكمل باقي تعليمات الاستعلام اللازمة لكي يتم بنجاح. بعد أن تنتهي سوف تصلك رسالة نصية مدون بها قيمة الفاتورة المسجلة عليك أو على المؤسسة والمطلوب منك دفعها. إلغاء الرقم المميز |
 | submitted by idmond to Egypt [link] [comments] اتخذ الجانبان خطوات تطبيعية متسارعة قبل العدوان الأخير على الفلسطينيين (فرانس برس) تدل كل المؤشرات على أن نتائج الحرب على غزة لن تعمق فقط المشاكل الاقتصادية التي تعاني منها إسرائيل أصلاً وستفاقم الأعباء على كاهل دافع الضرائب، بل ستمس بشكل كبير البيئة الاستثمارية وقد تقلّص من رهانات الإمارات تحديداً على مشاريع الطاقة والبنى التحتية الإسرائيلية. فعلى صعيد التداعيات المباشرة للحرب، قال الخبير الاقتصادي الإسرائيلي جادي لئور إن الكلفة الأولية للحرب على غزة التي تقدر بسبعة مليارات شيكل (حوالي ملياري دولار)، ستزيد مستوى التضخم ونسبة البطالة، مما سيفضي إلى زيادة الأعباء الضريبية على الجمهور. وفي تحليل نشرته صحيفة "يديعوت أحرنوت"، اليوم الجمعة، لفت لئور إلى أن ما يزيد الأمور تعقيداً حقيقة أنه لا توجد هناك حكومة (الحكومة الحالية انتقالية)، فضلاً عن أن موازنة الدولة لم تقر بعد. ولفت إلى أن قدرة إسرائيل على مواجهات التبعات الاقتصادية للحرب على غزة ستكون محدودة، لأنها جاءت في أعقاب تفشي وباء كورونا وما تركه من عجز كبير في الموازنة، نجم عن تأثر القطاعات الإنتاجية واضطرار "الدولة" لتقديم حزم مساعدات بمليارات الشواكل، إذ إن العجز في الموازنة الناجم عن "كورونا" بلغ 200 مليار شيكل (حوالي 60.6 مليار دولار). وأشار إلى أن شركة "موديس"، إحدى الشركات المسؤولة عن تقدير التصنيف الائتماني للدول، حذّرت إسرائيل مؤخراً من أن بقاء الوضع السياسي الحالي وعدم وجود حكومة وتجنب تمرير إصلاحات اقتصادية سيمس بالتصنيف الائتماني لإسرائيل. وأشار إلى أن إسرائيل ستكون مضطرة لتمويل إعادة إعمار البيوت والمصانع والبنى التحتية التي تضررت في الحرب وتقديم تعويضات لأصحابها، إلى جانب أن الجيش والشرطة والمخابرات ستطلب حوالي 800 مليون دولار لتعويض المعدات والأسلحة التي تم استهلاكها في الحرب. أما صحيفة "ذي ماركير" الاقتصادية فقد كشفت أن وزارة المالية الإسرائيلية تلقت حوالي 4600 دعوى تعويض، أكثر من نصفها تتعلق بأضرار لحقت بالمنازل في المدن الإسرائيلية الممتدة من بئر السبع حتى شمال تل أبيب. ومن ناحية ثانية فإن البيئة الاستثمارية ستضرر إلى حد كبير بسبب تداعيات الحرب وإثر تفجر الأوضاع الأمنية، لا سيما أن انتهاء الحرب لا يعني وقف المواجهات بين فلسطينيي الداخل والجماعات الإرهابية اليهودية. كما قد تفضي الحرب إلى توفير بيئة تهدد جملة الرهانات التي عقدتها إسرائيل ودولة الإمارات على التعاون بينهما في المجال الاقتصادي والاستثماري، لا سيما عندما يتعلق الأمر بمشاريع ذات طبيعية استراتيجية يمكن أن تؤثر على الواقع في المنطقة بأسرها. فبعد صمت طويل، أقر وزير الطاقة الإسرائيلي يوفال شطاينتس، بأن إسرائيل أغلقت منصة استخراج الغاز في حقل "تمار" الذي اشترت شركة "مبادلة للبترول" التابعة لإمارة أبو ظبي ربع أسهمه وبقيمة 1.1 مليار دولار، بسبب تعمد حركة "حماس" إطلاق الصواريخ عليه إلى جانب محاولاتها استهدافه بغواصات غير مأهولة. صحيح أن العمل في الحقل سيستأنف بعد أن توقفت الحرب، لكن المخاطر باتت واضحة، لا سيما أن بيئة المواجهة والصراع لم يحدث عليها أي تغيير بعد توقف الحرب. لكن مما لا شك فيه أن الضربة التي تلقتها رهانات الإمارات على الاستثمار في إسرائيل تمثلت في توقف إنبوب "إيلات عسقلان"، الاستراتيجي، الذي ينقل البترول والوقود من إيلات إلى عسقلان ومنها إلى أوروبا، بعد أن تعرض لهجوم صاروخي نفذته "كتائب عز الدين القسام"، الجناح العسكري لحركة حماس، مطلع اندلاع الحرب. ويكتسب هذه التطور أهمية كبيرة، على اعتبار أن أبوظبي توصلت بالفعل إلى تفاهم مع إسرائيل يقضي بأن يتم تصدير نفطها إلى أوروبا عبر هذا الأنبوب وليس من خلال قناة السويس. وقد فتح هذا التفاهم شهية إسرائيل لتقديم الخط ليكون أحد البدائل عن قناة السويس، لا سيما بعد حادثة جنوح السفينة في القناة. في الوقت ذاته، فإن وصول صواريخ المقاومة إلى تخوم "إيلات" وتركزها بشكل كبير على ميناء أسدود، يمثل ضربة استباقية لمشروع السكة الحديد الذي تخطط إسرائيل لتدشينه بالتعاون مع الإمارات والذي سيكون مخصصاً لنقل البضائع الصلبة من إيلات إلى "أسدود" أو العكس، وهو المشروع الذي يمثل ثاني المشاريع التي أشار "مركز أبحاث الأمن القومي" الإسرائيلي كبديل آخر عن قناة السويس. فمن الواضح أنه لو اندلعت الحرب الأخيرة بينما كان هذا الخط يعمل للحقت به أضرار كبيرة، لا سيما أن كل مساره سيكون في مرمى صواريخ المقاومة الفلسطينية. https://www.alaraby.co.uk/economy/%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%89-%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%9F |
 | submitted by invazijaleptira to rentacar [link] [comments] https://preview.redd.it/z18fa7md824a1.png?width=800&format=png&auto=webp&s=f08a1118738e9fb5493e0c9567a526e38f8a5e11 Automobilska industrija je prošla kroz nekoliko veoma izazovnih godina. Može se reći da uprkos lošim uslovima, teškoj geopolitičkoj situaciji, ove godina je uspela da ostvari izvanredne poslovne rezultate. Pre svega automobili iz premijum-sektora su zabeležili porast prodaje. Tokom letnjih meseci bio je rekordan profit, nemački koncerni zauzeli su čelne pozicije po rastu zarade. U periodu od juna do septembra 2022. Folksvagen je ostvario najveći promet, a Mercedes-Benz najveći profit. Automobilski proizvođači u Evropskoj uniji, u okviru zone slobodne trgovine i Velikoj Britaniji su prošlog meseca isporučili za 7,9 odsto više automobila u odnosu na isti period prošle godine. Takav podatak je zvanično saopšten od strane Evropske asocijacije proizvođača automobila. Kad su u pitanju najpopularniji i najtraženiji automobili u nastavku teksta ćemo ponaosob predstaviti top 5. Pobednik izbora za evropski automobil 2022. godine će biti proglašen 13. januara 2023. godine na salonu automobila u Briselu. Žiri čini 58 članova iz 22 zemlje, a uži izbor je izabrano 7 finalista. Podsetićemo vas na automobile koji su pobeđivali poslednjih 5 godina na ovom takmičenju:
EVROPSKI AUTOMOBIL GODINE ZA 2022.Krajem novembra objavljen je spisak koji čini sedam automobila koji se nalaze u užem izboru za Evropski automobil godine 2023. Pobednik će biti zvanično proglašen 13. januara, na sajmu automobila u Briselu. Automobili koji su se našli užem izboru su Jeep Avenger, Kia Niro, Nissan Ariya, Peugeot 408, Renault Austral, Subaru Solterra/Toyota bZ4X i Volkswagen ID Buzz.JEEP AVENGEROvaj model je potpuno novi, potpuno električni kompaktni SUV koji je predstavljen kao deo Stellantis Dare Forward dugoročnog strateškog plana. Električni domet od 400km, tehnološki napredni enterijer, veliki prostor sviđa se sve većem broju kupaca. Potpuno novi model Jeep Avenger stiže u salone početkom 2023. godine. Novi Jeep Avenger, biće predstavljen i na drugim tržištima, kao što su Japan i Južna Koreja. https://preview.redd.it/keqmw2dg824a1.png?width=875&format=png&auto=webp&s=54c0b708a61f8b4f2cefcd68701764c7d091f698 KIA NIROKia je krajem novembra 2021. godine u Seulu prikazala novu, drugu generaciju modela Niro. Novi Niro proizvodi se u hybrid (HEV), plug-in hybrid (PHEV) i u potpuno električnoj varijanti (EV). Niro PHEV kombinuje 1,6 litarski GDI četvorocilindrični benzinac i novi elektromotor (za ukupno 136 kW/185KS), uz litijum-jonske baterije od 11.1 kWh. Moguća je i vožnja u elektro modu, i to do 60 km dok potpuno električni Kia Niro EV ima elektromotor sa 150 kW/204KS i 255 Nm. Sa jednim punjenjem baterija od 64.8 kWh može da se pređe 463 km (punjenje od 10% do 80% kapaciteta traje 43 minuta).NISSAN ARIYAOvaj model je zaista veoma popularan i kao moderni električni crossover osvojio je nagradu za dizajn Red Dot u Nemačkoj. Ariya je nagrađena za izvanredne inovacije. Pre svega kao jedno savršeno električno vozilo i za visokokvalitetan dizajn. Pravi je predstavnik kompanije Nissan jer se na ovom modelu ogleda taj japanski futuristički pristup.PEUGEOT 408 FIRST EDITIONPeugeot 408 se izdvaja po veoma sportskom dizajnu i nudi niz detalja po kojima se razlikuje od normalnih verzija. Spolja se nudi samo u metalik boji „Opal Obsession Blue”. https://preview.redd.it/crigz4mh824a1.png?width=929&format=png&auto=webp&s=2e3a7a20c871d5502bd1d550cfe63fadc539ce39 RENAULT AUSTRALAustral je model koji je zvanično naslednik Kadjara. Ovaj Renoov novi hibrid ima zadatak da opravda poverenje i bude bolji od svog prethodnika. U početnoj verziji ima 1,2-litarski benzinski trocilindraš uparen sa sistemom blagog hibrida, a vozaču je ukupno na raspolaganju 130 ks. Za ovakav Austral u Francuskoj je potrebno oko 33.400 evra, što je daleko viša cifra u odnosu na Kadjar.TOYOTA BZ4XToyota bZ4X je najbolji električni SUV u klasi, zahvaljujući svojim izvanrednim mogućnostima pogona na sva četiri točka, Toyota bZ4X iskustvo vožnje je zaista neverovatno. Baterija takođe ima sjajne performanse. Toyota bZ4X ima domet od više od 450 km sa jednim punim punjenjem.VOLKSWAGEN ID BUZZOvaj model je predstavljen još pre pet godina, a prvi primerci su tek sada spremni za kupce. ID Buzz košta čak 64 580 evra. ID Buzz dobio je nedavno nagradu "Nemački automobil godine". https://preview.redd.it/ibxequti824a1.png?width=893&format=png&auto=webp&s=2d5f4cac9138d3dad9393bdc2e96f4c312efa60c Nadamo se da vam je tekst bio zanimljiv, nastavićemo da vas redovno obaveštavamo o svim novostima iz autoindustrije.Srećan put želi vam Autorent rent a car. Izvor : https://autorentdoo.com/blog/top-7-najpopularnijih-automobila-u-2022-godini-148.html |
 | submitted by MekhaDuk to azerbaijan [link] [comments] Used in Karabakh war https://preview.redd.it/879fff56g7u91.jpg?width=600&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=ffe8f4ff58af6ee628cac0ce0ac1e92cb5dc76d6 The T-122 Sakarya multiple launch rocket system is a Turkish variant of the BM-21 Grad. Prototype of this system was revealed in 1995. First vehicles were delivered to the Turkish Army for trials and evaluation in 1996 and full-rate production commenced in 1997. This artillery system is produced locally by the MKEM. By 2008 more than 72 systems have been delivered and production still continues. It is also proposed for export customers. It is an autonomous artillery rocket system, used for indirect fire support against aerial targets, enemy artillery units, air defense systems, command centers and supply lines. It is mostly used in hit-and-run style attacks. There are two packs of 122 mm launch tubes. Each pack contains 20 launch tubes. The launcher is hydraulically traversed and elevated. The T-122 Sakarya fires rockets indigenously developed and manufactured by MKEK and Roketsan. The system is also compatible with 122 mm rockets of the BM-21 Grad and similar systems. Rockets are fitted with HE-FRAG and cluster warheads. The last mentioned contains anti-personnel or anti-tank submunitions. Maximum range of fire with extended-range rockets is up to 40 km. It is worth mentioning that launcher packs of the T-122 are also used on Azerbaijan's Lynx and Kazakhstan's Naiza artillery rocket systems. The T-122 Sakarya MLRS is fitted with a modern on-board fire control system. It calculates firing data automatically for rockets with different warheads. It also stores up to 20 target locations. Launcher vehicle can fire single rockets or full salvo. A full salvo of 40 rockets is launched in 80 seconds. It covers area of 500x500 m. Four stabilizers are lowered to the ground to provide a more stable firing platform. A crew of five prepares the launch vehicle for firing within several minutes. In emergency case the launcher vehicle can be operated by a crew of three. Earlier production model of the T-122 Sakarya launcher vehicle is based on the German MAN 26.281 heavy truck. It is fitted with a roof-mounted 7.62 mm machine gun. There was also a version based on the MAN 26.372 truck. Improved variant of the T-122 was revealed in 2005. It was based on a new MAN 6x6 tactical truck. The same military truck was also used as the launcher vehicle for the T-300 Kasirga. Improved system is fitted with factory-sealed rocket pods. These were specifically designed to resists severe environmental conditions. Maintenance-free pods are loaded and sealed in the factory. Pods are disposed after all rockets are launched. Such artillery system has a shorter reloading time. The truck can be fitted with add-on armor and NBC protection system. This truck is also fitted with a roof-mounted 7.62 mm machine gun. Recently a version of the T-122 was observed. It is based on a Turkish BMC 6x6 military truck and can use rocket pods with 122 mm or 107 mm artillery rockets. Reloading of the T-122 Sakarya is assisted by a hydraulic crane, which is mounted on the launcher vehicle. Improved variant with disposable rocket pods is reloaded within 5 minutes. Typically a battery of T-122 includes six launcher vehicles and command vehicle, however a single launcher vehicle can operate independently. used in karabakh war https://preview.redd.it/fknvz0ghg7u91.jpg?width=1024&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=96dd8c7942472f3012314a71c1863ba57c10017b One of the weapon systems that Azerbaijan is using in the war for Nagorno-Karabakh against Armenia is Turkish-made T-300 Kasirga (Hurricane) multi-barrel rocket launcher system. Just days before Baku began its offensive on Nagorno-Karabakh, on September 21st Turkey finalized an order of T-300 Kasirga systems to Azerbaijan. Т-300 Kasirga is a tactical weapon system used in artillery units which fulfills its fire support mission by indirect/blind firing against area targets, during day and night and in all weather conditions. The Artillery Rockets designed and produced by Roketsan with various calibers and ranges can provide mass fire power with wide coverage on critical area targets between 3 km and 100+ km range with perfect accuracy and minimum dispersion. It is capable of firing the 4 rockets it is carrying in single firing mode or in ripple. Long range 300 mm rockets manufactured by Roketsan with High Explosive with steel ball warhead creates effective lethality on area targets at 100 km. ranges without drag ring, up to 120km. Typical Kasirga battery is composed of a Command and Control Vehicle, 6-9 launcher vehicles (F-302T) and 6-9 resupply and reloading vehicles, all based on German MAN (6×6) 26.372 10t cross-country truck chassis. Each launcher vehicle has four cylindrical tubes for the TR-300 rocket. Each 302 mm rocket is 4.7 meters in length, weighs approx. 524 kg and is provided with 150kg of cluster munitions to take out a variety of targets such as fortifications, infrastructures, armored vehicles, etc. A single artillery system can get ready-to-fire within 20 minutes. It is typically carried on top of a MAN truck. The basic properties are as follows:
Other MLRS that Azerbaijan have LAR-160 The Light Artillery Rocket (LAR) system consists of a tracked or wheeled (typically 6 × 6) all-terrain vehicle or trailer on which is mounted a multiple rocket launcher holding two factory-sealed, expendable launch pod containers (LPCs) with fuzed 160 mm diameter rockets in their launch tubes. The LPCs, which also serve as storage and transportation containers for the rockets, can be rapidly replaced in the field after the rockets have been fired. When the rockets are fired, they burst frangible covers over the forward and aft ends of the launch tubes. The Mk I system was first deployed on a French Nexter Systems (previously Giat Industries) AMX-13 light tank chassis by the Venezuelan Army. The Mk I was followed in production by the Mk II and more recently by the Mk IV systems. The Mk IV system, having the same dimensions as the other rockets but using a modified propellant, has a range of 45 km. The rockets are 160 mm in diameter and 3.4 m long, employing composite solid propellants. Wraparound stabilising fins deploy when the rocket exits the launcher. The Mk I version of the LAR rocket, weighing 100 kg, carries a 40 kg HE-COFRAM warhead activated by a super-quick impact fuze or proximity fuze. Maximum effective range is 30 km. Its launch pod containers hold 13 or 18 rockets each, with two pods on the launcher. The production Mk II version rocket weighs 110 kg. Its 46 kg warhead can be an HE-COFRAM type or a cluster warhead containing 104 CL-3022-S4 AP/AM submunitions. A remotely set electronic time fuze opens the canister at the appropriate height to give area coverage of about 31,400 m2 for each cluster warhead. The submunitions are fitted with a self-destruct fuze. Thirteen rockets are loaded in each launch pod container. Like the other versions of the LAR, the Mk II has a minimum range of 12 km. Its maximum range is 35 km. The launchers are being mounted on heavy truck chassis, for example a German Mercedes Benz (6 × 6). Suitable chassis for mounting the modular launcher are light tanks (such as AMX-13), medium tanks (such as M47 and M48), heavy trucks (such as M809, MAN, Steyr and Mercedes), self-propelled howitzer (M109) and a trailer towed by a heavy truck. In its standard configuration, each launcher accommodates two 13-rocket launch pod containers. A light version with one launch pod is available for towing behind jeeps. The LAR incorporates a modern C3I system called ACCS, which has a total interface capability to all common artillery elements including meteorological unit, forward observers as well as sophisticated mapping, GPS and other items. Elevation and traverse of the launchers are performed by an electrohydraulic system, which is backed up by a manual system. When the system is fitted on a wheeled chassis, two hydraulically operated stabilisers are lowered to the ground to provide a more stable firing platform. The launcher is operated by a computerised fire-control system, which is fully integrated with the ACCS, so enabling each one to operate as a one-gun battery. All 26 160 mm unguided rockets can be fired in less than 60 seconds and the launchers are reloaded in less than 5 minutes by the truck driver and launcher crew from conventional army trucks equipped with a 15 t/m hydraulic crane. Extra Extended Range Artillery (EXTRA)A new, precise Extended Range Artillery (EXTRA) munitions system was developed by Israel Aircraft Industries' (IAI) MLM System Integration Division and Israel Military Industries (IMI) Rocket Systems Division and was publicly unveiled at the 2005 Paris Air Show.The EXTRA contains a solid propellant motor, stabilizing block, warhead, and GPS/INS guidance and steering section. EXTRA comes in a disposable sealed canister providing a long service life and very low maintenance costs. EXTRA munitions have a range in excess of 130 km (81 miles) and carry a125 kg (275 lbs) warhead. EXTRA's launch weight is about 450kg (990 lbs) and it is precise to within 10m. EXTRA munitions are 30cm (12 inches) in diameter and 3.97m (13 feet) in length, similar to the M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS). Cluster launch tubes can be mounted on trucks or in highly mobile battlefield fixed. Capable of being launched from multiple platforms, the EXTRA is packaged in a four-unit pod configuration for land-based launches. It can be installed on a high mobility truck or in a fixed installation. EXTRA capable of launching from a variety of means to carry, launch tubes are assembled in clusters of 2 to 16 to launch from the ground. IAI and IMI invested equally in the development program and pooled their experience in rocket motors, warhead and guidance systems to develop EXTRA, building on developments in precision-guided non-line-of-sight strike technology. IAI gained valuable knowledge that it has applied to the EXTRA from the development of its Long-Range Artillery guided missile, which is designed for a greater range. The Extra circle error probable [CEP] is about 10 m. This is considered a very small error compared to American standards (200-300 m is considered as the average error is acceptable). The rocket features IAI’s GPS-based inertial navigation system with a gas generator thruster correcting the trajectory during flight. The target data is installed in the rocket while in the launcher and, once fired, the rocket autonomously navigates itself to a target. IAI said the EXTRA was in progressive stages of development in 2005 and its MLM division performed a series of tests and customer demonstrations in the second half of 2006. According to defense-studies website, IMI will sell twenty accurate EXTRA rockets to Vietnam. Along with its 4K51 Rubezh, Bal-E, Bastion-P and REDUT, the EXTRA system will help the Vietnamese Navy to form a network of integrated coastal defense. Mainly from China. In the future, a new missile will be developed to extend the firing range from 150 to 300 km. In January 2018 Israel's Defense Minister Avigdor Lieberman instructed the military to establish a new force of ground-to-ground missiles with a range of up to 300 kilometers. On January 4 Lieberman met with senior IDF officers and decided to form the array, pledging a starting budget of some 500 million ILS (about $145 million). The project could cost up to 7 billion ILS ($2 billion), spread out over a decade, depending on the number of missiles the IDF will acquire. This planned missile corps is reportedly meant to act as the offensive counter to Hezbollah's vast arsenal of more than 100,000 short- and medium-range rockets, to complement the military’s existing defensive multi-layered air defense system. The country's new missile unit will include extended-range missiles like Extra, meant to replace air-ground weapons for mid- to long-range strikes, with a 150 km range. Israel had already been manufacturing Extra for foreign buyers; however, Israel's navy and air force are also expected to adopt them. After Israel attacked alleged Iranian targets in Syria May 9, continuing a series of strikes that began an hour after US President Donald Trump pulled out of the 2015 Iran nuclear agreement the day prior, Syria claimed that surface-to-surface missiles were used against their forces. czech variant of grad russian smerch between 1969 and 1976 soviets were creating a concept of a new extremely powerful artillery rocket system. In 1976 a requirement was issued by the soviet government to develop this new artillery system. In 1982 this new system successfully completed trials. The Smerch (Tornado) was adopted by the Soviet Army in 1987. At the time it was the most powerful multiple launch artillery rocket system in the world. Even today, after more than 30 years of service, it remains one of the deadliest systems of this type. Currently Russian Army operates just over 100 of these artillery rocket systems. It saw combat during both Russian wars in Chechnya. Recently it saw combat in Ukraine and Syria. Other operators of the Smerch are Algeria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kuwait, Peru, Syria, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates and Venezuela. In 2020 Azerbaijan used these heavy artillery rocket systems against Armenian forces. Russian designation for the whole artillery system is the 9K58, while the launcher vehicle is designated as the 9A52 or BM-30. The Smerch has 12 tubes for 300 mm artillery rockets. A standard rocket is 7.6 m long and weights 800 kg. Originally this multiple launch rocket system had a range of 70 km. Though this range was extended on improved systems. A number of warheads were developed for this system, including HE-FRAG, fuel-air explosive, incendiary, cluster with anti-personnel and anti-tank submunitions or self-guided anti-tank munitions. The launcher vehicle is capable of salvo firing or launching single rockets. The Smerch proved to be extremely effective against concentration of troops and armored vehicles, artillery and air defense batteries, airfields and other area targets. A full salvo of a single launcher covers an area of up to 67 hectares. The Smerch launch vehicle can stop and open fire within 3 minutes from travelling. It takes the same amount of time to leave the firing position. Rockets are launched directly form the cab, or remotely form the vehicle. A full salvo takes 38 seconds. Launcher vehicle of the Smerch is based on a MAZ-543M heavy high mobility chassis with 8x8 configuration. This vehicle is powered by the D12A-525A 38.9-liter diesel engine, developing 525 horsepower. It is fitted with a central tyre inflation system, which improves mobility over difficult terrain, such as sand, snow and mud. The Smerch is reloaded by an associated 9T234-2 reloading vehicle. It is based on a similar MAZ-543A heavy high mobility chassis with 8x8 configuration. The reloading vehicle is fitted with hydraulic crane and carries a full set of 12 reload rockets. Reloading takes 36 minutes. Reloading usually takes place away from the firing position, to avoid counter-battery fire. A Smerch unit is typically composed of 6 launcher vehicles and 6 reloading vehicles. The fire control system of the Smerch, the Vivari, can function automatically or under manual control. The Vivari system is housed in a command vehicle and controls 6 launchers. It calculates ballistic and targeting data of each launcher. Variants Smerch-M, improved version of the Smerch with new navigation and targeting systems and capable of launching extended-range rockets. This system is referred as 9A52-2. It is compatible with new extended-range rockets, that can reach up to 90 km. Recently it has been reported that Russia developed further improved 300 mm rockets with a maximum range of 120 km. 9A52-2T Smerch, variant based on the Tatra 10x10 chassis. It was designed in Russia for the Indian MoD. This rocket system is in service with the Indian Army. 9A52-4 Tornado is lighter variant of the Smerch, based on KamAZ 8x8 truck. It has a six-pack launcher pod for 300 mm rockets. So the 9A52-4 has half the firepower of the Smerch. The whole launcher pod is replaced after all rockets are fired. This system is compatible with 90 km rockets. Uragan-1M is a new Russian artillery rocket system, that might become a replacement for the ageing Uragan and Smerch systems. It was first publicly revealed in 2016. The Uragan-1M carries two launching pods for 300 mm or 220 mm rockets. These rocket pods are interchangeable with those of the 9A52-4 Tornado system. Launcher vehicle is based on an MZKT-7930 high-mobility chassis with 8x8 configuration. PHL 03 is a Chinese copy of the Smerch. It was adopted by the Chinese army in 2004-2005. It incorporates newer technologies, as well as indigenous Chinese rockets with a maximum range of 130 km. China developed a number of indigenous versions of this artillery rocket system. Olha is a Ukrainian version of the Smerch, which uses newly developed missiles, possibly with extended range. The Oliha uses the same launcher vehicle of the Smerch. It was planned that tests of this system will be completed in 2018 and production will commence. Tos The TOS-1 heavy flamethrower system is intended for direct fire support of advancing infantry and main battle tanks, and moves in their combat orders. It is designed to engage military personnel, fortifications and light armored vehicles. The heavy flamethrower system is generally similar to multiple launch rocket systems, however fires different types of rockets and has shorter firing range. The TOS-1 was developed in the early 1980s and was successfully used by the Soviet Army in Afghanistan and later by the Russian forces in Chechnya. It is nicknamed the Buratino. It seems that the original TOS-1 heavy flamethrower system was used only for trials and evaluation. It was never produced in quantity. Also the original TOS-1 was never exported. The TOS-1 fires 220 mm rockets. There are two types of warheads - incendiary and fuel-air explosive. The fuel-air explosive weapons are also called as vacuum or thermobaric. This type of munitions releases a large cloud of flammable gas and causes massive explosions. It is used to clear out bunkers and other fortifications. The TOS-1 heavy flamethrower system has a relatively short maximum firing range of only 3.5 km. Minimum range is 400 meters. This heavy flamethrower system launches a single rocket or a pair of two rockets within 0.5 s. Full salvo duration is 7.5 or 15 seconds. A full salvo of this flamethrower system covers area of 200 by 400 meters. The TOS-1 is fitted with a modern fire control system. All guidance and firing procedures are made from the inside of the vehicle without exposing crew to enemy fire. Vehicle can stop and fire at a visible target within 90 seconds from travelling. This flamethrower system is operated by a crew of three, including commander, gunner and driver. This heavy flamethrower system is mounted on the modified T-72 main battle tank chassis. It is powered by the V-84-1 diesel engine, developing 840 horsepower. Vehicle is fitted with a self-entrenching blade. Its armor protection is similar to that of the T-72 main battle tank. Reloading is assisted by a TZM reloading vehicle, which also uses chassis of the T-72 main battle tank. It is used to transport and reload rockets. It is equipped with a crane and carries a set of reload rockets. Reloading vehicle is also operated by a crew of three. Some sources claim that there is also a reloading vehicle built on the chassis of a cross-country truck. Variants TOS-1A is the latest variant of the original heavy flamethrower system. It was accepted to service with the Russian Army in 2001. The BM-1 launch vehicle uses longer 220 mm rockets. Also a number of launching tubes was reduced from 30 to 24. New launching tubes are longer in comparison with the previous system. Maximum range of fire was increased to 6 000 m. This heavy flamethrower is supported by a new TZM-T reloading vehicle. It carries two units for 12 rockets each. A crane is mounted between these units. Reloading vehicle also carries 400 liters of fuel for the launch vehicle. TOS-2 is a newer heavy flamethrower system, based on Ural-63704-0010 military truck with 6x6 configuration. It has 18 launch tubes for 220 mm rockets. It was first publicly revealed in 2020. It is a lighter, less expensive and more mobile version. Grad The BM-21 Grad (hail) multiple launch rocket system entered service with the Soviet Army in 1963. It was produced for a long period of time in large quantity both for the Soviet Army and for export customers. Currently the BM-21 Grad is in service with more than 30 countries. It is the most widely used artillery rocket system in the world. There are numerous variants, copies and modifications of this vehicle. The BM-21 Grad has 40 launching tubes for 122 mm rockets. The standard rocket comes with a High Explosive Fragmentation (HE-FRAG) warhead. It is 2.87 m long and weights 66.6 kg. Warhead itself weights 18.4 kg. This artillery rocket system also fires rockets fitted with incendiary, chemical, smoke, illumination or cluster warheads. Cluster warheads contain anti-tank or anti-personnel submunitions. A number of other specialized warheads were developed for this system. A full salvo of the BM-21 Grad covers area of 0.8-1 hectares. This weapon is extremely effective against area targets, such as concentrations of troops and vehicles, airfields and so on. It takes 3 minutes to prepare the launcher vehicle for firing. The rockets can be launched directly from the cab or remotely from the vehicle. It is possible to launch rockets without preparing the firing position. This feature ensures brief reaction time. It takes 2 minutes to prepare the Grad launcher vehicle to leave its firing position. Brief redeployment time allows to avoid counter-battery fire. The BM-21 systems are often used for shoot-and-scoot type attacks. The BM-21 is based on the Ural-375D 6x6 high mobility truck. Vehicle is powered by a ZiL-375 petrol or diesel engine, developing 180 horsepower. Improved Grads were mounted on newer Ural-4320 and ZiL-131 trucks. The launcher pack can be mounted on any other suitable chassis. The BM-21 is reloaded manually by the crew. Reload rockets are carried by an escorting truck. It takes less than 10 minutes to reload the launching vehicle. Russian variants of the BM-21 Grad BM-21V Grad-V, airborne variant of the Grad, fitted with 12 launching tubes. It is mounted on a GAZ-66B 4x4 truck. Grad-1, lighter version of the Grad, fitted with 36 launching tubes. It is mounted on the ZiL-131 6x6 truck chassis. This artillery system is compatible only with the shorter-range rockets. 9K132 Grad-P, portable single-tube launcher. A-215 Grad-M, naval multiple launch rocket system, fitted on amphibious assault ships. BM-21PD Damba, costal MLRS intended to protect sea bases against underwater infiltrations. BM-21-1 improved variant of the Grad, mounted on Ural-43201 general utility truck. It is fitted with a satellite navigation system, automated fire control and laying systems. This artillery system can fire a new generation of rockets with a maximum range of 40 km. 9K59 Prima, improved variant of the Grad with 50 launching tubes. Grad-K a new version of the Grad, mounted on the 6x6 KamAZ-5350 general utility truck. It was revealed in 2011. Currently this version is in a small scale production. Tornado-G, updated version of the Grad. First production systems were delivered to the Russian Army in 2012. The launcher vehicle is based on Ural-4320 army truck. This artillery rocket system fires newly developed missiles with extended range and more lethal warheads. Lynx Azerbaijan acquired a number of IMI Lynx multiple launch rocket systems. These were developed by Israel Military Industries (IMI) and modified to meet specific requirements of the Azerbaijan Ministry of Defense. This system uses interchangeable rocket pods. It is based on KamAZ 8x8 military truck chassis. These artillery rocket systems were used against Armenian targets during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War. The Azerbaijan Lynx is capable of firing 122 mm BM-21 Grad rockets, 160 mm IMI LAR or 200 mm IMI EXTRA rockets. These rockets can be fired from the same platform, but have different ranges. The Lynx MLRS can mount a combination of any two pods. Rockets are fitted with various warheads, including HE-FRAG, incendiary, smoke, illumination, cargo warheads with pre-fragmented anti-personnel or anti-tank submunitions. The Azerbaijan Lynx MLRS uses 122 mm launcher pods of the Turkish T-122 Sakarya. A standard pod contains 20 Grad rockets. The standard Grad 122 mm rocket is 2.87 m long and weights 66 kg. It has a maximum range of 21 km. This rocket system is also compatible with newly-developed 122 mm rockets. A standard LAR 160 mm rocket is 3.3 m long and weights 110 kg. It has a maximum range of up to 45 km. A standard pod contains 13 LAR rockets. The IMI EXTRA rockets have a maximum range of up to 150 km and can be fitted with a GPS guidance system for precision strikes. A standard pod contains four Extra rockets. Rocket pods are packed and factory-sealed. These double as transport containers and launchers. IMI rocket pods are disposable after launch, while the BM-21 Grad pods can be reloaded manually. These are the least capable and are mainly used for training. This artillery rocket system features a fully autonomous ballistic calculation and launch capabilities. The IMI Lynx can operate autonomously or integrated with larger artillery formations. This MLRS system has a fast reaction time and can launch its rockets within several minutes from travelling. A full salvo can be launched directly from the cab, or remotely from the vehicle. The Lynx multiple launch rocket system is mounted on the KamAZ-6350 8x8 heavy utility truck chassis. It is powered by a turbocharged diesel engine, developing 360 hp. The Lynx mobile launcher is supported by a reloading vehicle, fitted with a crane. This vehicle carries four rockets pods (two sets of reloads). Reloading usually takes place well away from firing position, to avoid counter-battery fire. Full reloading of the pods takes less than 10 minutes. Later a similar artillery rocket system, called the Naiza, was developed by IMI for Kazakhstan Ministry of Defense. Armenian MLRS systems Grad uragan The BM-27 Uragan (hurricane) multiple launch rocket system was developed in the early 1970's. It is also referred as the 9K57. The Uragan entered service with the Soviet Army in 1975. Currently it is in service with at least 10 countries, including Russia. Export operators are Angola, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Syria, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Yemen and some other countries. The Uragan was the largest and most powerful system of its type in service until the late 1980s, when the Smerch was introduced. This artillery rocket system saw combat during the Soviet war in Afghanistan, both Russian wars in Chechnya and the recent Russia-Georgia war. It was also used by the Syrian Army at the first stage of the war against Israel at the beginning of the 1980s. Since 2014 it saw combat during the Russian invasion to Ukraine. Launching vehicle of the Uragan artillery rocket system is designated as the 9P140. It has has 16 launching tubes for 220 mm rockets. A standard rocket is 4.8 m long and weights 280 kg. Warhead weight is 90-100 kg, depending on the type. This system fires training, HE-FRAG, chemical, incendiary, fuel-air explosive, cluster rockets with scatterable anti-tank or anti-personnel mines. These are used for remote mine laying. It can also fire leaflet dispensing rockets. The BM-27 fires single rockets or full salvos. A full salvo of this artillery system covers area of 4.3 hectares. Maximum range of fire is up to 34 km. This system proved to be effective against area targets. Though it lacks accuracy against point targets. Also military conflicts revealed that the Uragan is loosing badly against modern Western systems such as the M270 MLRS and M142 HIMARS in terms of both range and accuracy. A crew of four prepares this system for firing within 3 minutes. It might take up to 12 minutes to prepare this artillery system for firing, if position is unprepared. Vehicle leaves firing position within 3 minutes. Rockets can be launched directly from the cab or remotely from the launch vehicle, via a 60 m long cable. The BM-27 Uragan uses chassis of a ZiL-135LMP 8x8 heavy high mobility vehicle. It is powered by two ZiL-375 petrol engines, developing 180 horsepower each. Engines are located behind the cab. Each engine is mated to its own 5-speed gearbox and is driving 4 wheels on each side. So the vehicle has 2 gearboxes. There were also 2 transfer cases and special synchronizers to control all of these mechanisms and deliver power to the wheels. So the design with 2 engines was overly complicated, not reliable, and troublesome to service. However back in the 1970s soviets had no suitable engine for this vehicle. The Uragan has a fiberglass cab, equipped with NBC protection system. Vehicle is fitted with a central tyre inflation system, which improves mobility over difficult terrain, such as mud, sand and snow. It has a climatic operational range from -40°C to +50°C. This artillery rocket system can be airlifted by Il-76, An-22 or An-124 military transport aircraft. The Uragan launching vehicle is supported by a 9T452 reloading vehicle. The reloading vehicle is also based on the same ZiL-135LMP 8x8 chassis and has a crew of two. It is fitted with a crane and carriers a full set of 16 reload rockets. The launcher pack is reloaded within 15-20 minutes. Reloading usually takes place remotely from the firing position, to avoid counter-battery fire. An improved version of the Uragan, the Uragan-1, was developed in the Soviet Union during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Its prototype was based on a BAZ-6950 heavy high mobility vehicle with an 8x8 configuration. However the Uragan-1 never reached production. Production of the Uragan's wheeled chassis ended years ago. The Uragan might be replaced in service with a new Uragan-1M artillery rocket system, which was recently developed in Russia. The new system has two modular rocket pods with 220 mm and 300 mm rockets. Launcher of the Uragan-1M is based on a Belarusian MZKT-7930 heavy high-mobility chassis with 8x8 configuration. Other operators of the Uragan, including Belarus and Ukraine developed their modernized versions in order to keep these artillery systems in service. The Belarusian Uragan-M is based on a MAZ-6317 military truck chassis with 6x6 configuration. It entered service in 2019. Ukrainian Bastion 3 is based on a KrAZ 6x6 chassis. However it was not adopted due to limited funding. Smerch Pinaka Development of the Pinaka multiple launch rocket system began in 1986 and was to have been completed in 1994. However failure in development of critical components led to a six-year delay in the introduction of the system. First multiple launch rocket systems entered service in 2000 and it is currently in a low-rate production. Some sources claim that 80 of these systems are currently in service. The Pinaka multiple launch rocket systems will eventually replace the ageing BM-21 Grad. The Pinaka launcher has two pods with 12 tubes for 214 mm rockets. The standard rocket is around 4 m long and weights around 275 kg. The standard rocket is fitted with HE-FRAG warhead. Eight types of warhead were to be developed, including incendiary warhead and cluster warheads with anti-tank and anti-personnel submunitions. It is worth mentioning that the Pinaka has twice the firepower and delivery range of the BM-21 Grad. The Pinaka's rockets have a range of up to 40 km. Its CEP should not exceed 1 - 2% of the range. A further accuracy improvement is underway. It was announced that a 7.2 m long rocket with a maximum range of 100-120 km in under development. It is capable of carrying 250 kg payload. These rockets might be fitted with guidance systems for better accuracy. This rocket was expected to enter service by 2012. Rockets can be launched from the driver's seat or remotely up to 200 m from the vehicle. Launcher has its own fire control system and can work autonomously. It can also perform shoot-and-scoot missions. The Pinaka multiple launch rocket system is mounted on the Tatra Kolos high mobility truck, license produced at Bharat Earth Movers Ltd (BEML). Cab is fitted with NBC protection system for the crew. A battery consists of six launchers, six reloading vehicles and command vehicle, fitted with a fire control system and meteorological radar. A full salvo of the battery covers area of 350 000 m². The Pinaka is reloaded by escorting reloading vehicle, which carried 4 pods with a total of 24 rockets. Reloading takes 15 minutes however it might be cut to 4 minutes after redesign of the loading platform. It is worth mentioning that indigenously designed Pinaka multiple launch rocket system costs eight-fold less than the US M270 MLRS. It is also significantly cheaper comparing with Brazilian ASTROS II. chinese wm 80 Tos Armenian n2 system |
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 | كوين بيز، هي محفظة رقمية لتخزين وتبادل العملات الرقمية، حيث محفظة كوين بيز متاحة في أكثر من ١٠٠ دولة ،حيث وصل عدد مستخدمين محفظة كوين بيز الى أكثر من ٣٠ مليون شخص وما يزيد عن ١٥٠ مليار دولار متداولة عبر منصة كوين بيز، الخاصة بالشركة والتي تسمى"كوين بيز برو" المنصة تدعم خيارات متنوعة من وسائل الدفع للشراء أو الإيداع كبطاقات الإئتمان والتحويلات البنكية المباشرة، ولكن هذه الخيارات تنفرد بها بعض الدول فقط ،كما انها أيضا تقدم واجهة برمجة التطبيقات للمطورين والتجار لبناء التطبيقات. submitted by cryptoalarab to u/cryptoalarab [link] [comments] تأسست كوين بيز في ٢٠ يونيو ٢٠١٢ على يد الرئيس التنفيذي "بريان أرمسترونج" و "فريد إهرسام" ومقرها في سان فرانسيسكو بكاليفورنيا. كوين بيز لها عملة مستقرة بسعر الدولار الأمريكي ، وهي مدعومة في أغلب منصات تداول العملات الرقمية. لمعرفة كافة التفاصيل اقرأ المقال كاملاً |
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